Copyright protection attaches as soon as you fix the song in a
"tangible medium."
Though many folks are still under the misapprehension that you have
to register your work with Copyright Office to "copyright" it, that
hasn't been true for decades. Generally speaking, if you scribble something on
a sheet of paper and then someone comes around and copies it, they've violated
your copyright in the scribble.
On the other hand, if you're just riffing in your bedroom and
someone comes by, listens in through your window, and then copies your song,
you're probably not going to win on your copyright claim. If you riffed and
then recorded it, wrote down the music notation, etc., then you would have
secured the copyright at that time.
Note, though, that although registration isn't necessary to
protect your work via the Copyright Act, it is a precondition to suing in
federal court. So if you write down a song in 2001, discover that someone
copied it in 2011, you'd have to register the copyright (even in 2011 or 2012)
before you could sue on it. Statutory damages would also be limited to the date
you registered onward (i.e., you wouldn't be able to claim statutory damages
from 2001 to present).
Source: Quora
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